Oak Barrens Management and Understory Plant Recovery

This study focuses on the continuing, long-term restoration work at a large site in central Wisconsin, dominated by oak and jack pine and where understory diversity tends to be low (Pennsylvania sedge  often the dominant species). The site is typical and representative of former oak and pine barrens habitats throughout the Upper Midwest that have converted to closed-canopy forests following European settlement. Common restoration treatments include reintroduction of fire as well as canopy thinning and removal.

For a summary of the study's results and implications for management, you can view or download a PDF version of "Oak Barrens Management and Understory Plant Recovery."

Management Implications

• Consider site history, the length of time since canopy closure, and the importance of the seed bank prior to treatment.
• Locate a high quality reference site nearby on which to base recovery efforts.
• Be prepared to develop a seed list and reseed if seed bank shows low diversity
• Remove timber first. The best recovery of barrens species occurred with the greatest reduction in canopy cover along with prescribed fire.
• More research is needed to fully understand the best approach.

The publication:

Jeffrey L. Ralston and James Cook. 2013. Impact of Prescribed Fire, Timber Removal, and the Seed Bank on Understory Plant Diversity and Canopy Cover in an Oak-Pine Barrens, Central Wisconsin, USA Ecological Restoration 31:395-411

Oak Savanna Restoration: Which bird species increase with changes?

These two studies examined how bird communities respond to restoration of oak barrens and savannas. In both cases bird communities were not the focus of restoration efforts, but did respond to the altered vegetation.

For a summary of the study's results and implications for management, you can download a PDF version of the research brief: "Can oak savanna restorations for other species benefit bird communities?"

Management Implications

• Using prescribed fire to restore oak savannas and barrens also maintains habitat for birds, like the Red-headed Woodpecker, that are species of concern
• Management activities focused on Karner blue butterflies can also benefit avian species of concern
• Small restored patches can benefit bird communities, especially when located close to existing oak savanna and barren patches

This research brief for resource managers reviews the following peer-reviewed publications :

Jeffrey D. Brawn. 2006. Effects of restoring oak savannas on bird communities and populations. Conservation Biology 20:460-469. 

Eric M. Wood, Anna M. Pidgeon, Claudio Grattion, Timothy T. Wilder. 2011. Effects of oak barrens habitat management for Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides samuelis) on the avian community. Biological Conservation 144:3117-3126. 

Is fire alone enough to restore oak savannas?

This study in central Wisconsin compared degraded oak savanna sites which were only burned to sites which were harvested and then burned. Based on the results, the authors discussed the pros and cons of both techniques as part of a restoration plan which we summarize here.

For a summary of the study's results and implications for management, you view or download a PDF version of the research brief here.
 

This research brief for resource managers reviews the following peer-reviewed publication:
 

Scott Nielsen, Chad Kirschbaum, and Alan Haney. 2003. Restoration of Midwest oak barrens: Structural manipulation or process-only? Conservation Ecology 7(2):10.